Human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class I molecules play a crucial role in the development of a specific immune response to viral infections by presenting viral peptides at the cell surface where they will be further recognized by T cells. In the present manuscript, we explored whether HLA class I genotypes can be associated with the critical course of Coronavirus Disease-19 by searching possible connections between genotypes of deceased patients and their age at death. HLA-A, HLA-B, and HLA-C genotypes of = 111 deceased patients with COVID-19 (Moscow, Russia) and = 428 volunteers were identified with next-generation sequencing. Deceased patients were split into two groups according to age at the time of death: = 26 adult patients aged below 60 and = 85 elderly patients over 60. With the use of HLA class I genotypes, we developed a risk score (RS) which was associated with the ability to present severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) peptides by the HLA class I molecule set of an individual. The resulting RS was significantly higher in the group of deceased adults compared to elderly adults [ = 0.00348, area under the receiver operating characteristic curve ( = 0.68)]. In particular, presence of HLA-A01:01 allele was associated with high risk, while HLA-A02:01 and HLA-A03:01 mainly contributed to low risk. The analysis of patients with homozygosity strongly highlighted these results: homozygosity by HLA-A01:01 accompanied early deaths, while only one HLA-A02:01 homozygote died before 60 years of age. Application of the constructed RS model to an independent Spanish patients cohort ( = 45) revealed that the score was also associated with the severity of the disease. The obtained results suggest the important role of HLA class I peptide presentation in the development of a specific immune response to COVID-19.