Objective: To determine and compare the expression levels of genes encoding nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) in hyperplastic and oncological endometrial processes.Materials and methods: The study included 120 women of reproductive age divided into groups according to histological examination results: endometrial hyperplasia (EH) (n=58), endometrioid adenocarcinoma of the endometrium (n=14), and those with unchanged endometrium (n=48). The expression levels of genes encoding nAChRs (α1, α2, α3, α4, α5, α6, α7, α9, α10, β1, β2, β3, and β4) were determined by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction using specific primers for the corresponding nAChRs.Results: Among the patients in the first group, increased expression was observed for the α1, α4, β1, and β2 subunits, with the greatest diagnostic significance attributed to the α4 subunit of the nAChRs. In the endometrium of patients in the second group, gene expression was detected for the α1, α3, and α6 subunits, with the α3 subunit of the nAChRs showing the greatest diagnostic significance. In the third group, pronounced expression was noted for the α3, α5, α6, and α7 subunits of the nAChRs.Conclusion: The observed expression of nAChRs in EH suggests their influence on the differentiation of unchanged endometrium, potentially leading to the development of EH. The expression of these subunits in endometrial adenocarcinoma indicates that they may serve as potential predictors of endometrial neotransformation.