Образование

Премии и заслуги

2005 - The Society for Free Radicals Research - Europe: Young investigator award in recognition of extraordinary scientific achievements in the field of free radicals research.

2016 - Профессор РАН

Избранные публикации

1. Roshchin M.V., Matlashov M.E., Ierusalimsky V.N., Balaban P.M., Belousov V.V., Kemenes G., Staras K., Nikitin E.S. (2018). A BK channel-mediated feedback pathway links single-synapse activity with action potential sharpening in repetitive firing. Sci Adv 4 (7), eaat1357 [+]

   Action potential shape is a major determinant of synaptic transmission, and mechanisms of spike tuning are therefore of key functional significance. We demonstrate that synaptic activity itself modulates future spikes in the same neuron via a rapid feedback pathway. Using Ca imaging and targeted uncaging approaches in layer 5 neocortical pyramidal neurons, we show that the single spike-evoked Ca rise occurring in one proximal bouton or first node of Ranvier drives a significant sharpening of subsequent action potentials recorded at the soma. This form of intrinsic modulation, mediated by the activation of large-conductance Ca/voltage-dependent K channels (BK channels), acts to maintain high-frequency firing and limit runaway spike broadening during repetitive firing, preventing an otherwise significant escalation of synaptic transmission. Our findings identify a novel short-term presynaptic plasticity mechanism that uses the activity history of a bouton or adjacent axonal site to dynamically tune ongoing signaling properties.

   ID:2142
2. Bilan D.S., Belousov V.V. (2018). In Vivo Imaging of Hydrogen Peroxide with HyPer Probes. Antioxid. Redox Signal. , [+]

   Hydrogen peroxide (HO) is a key signaling molecule involved in the regulation of both physiological and pathological cellular processes. Genetically encoded HyPer probes are currently among the most effective approaches for monitoring HO dynamics in various biological systems because they can be easily targeted to specific cells and organelles. Since its development in 2006, HyPer has proved to be a robust and powerful tool in redox biology research. Recent Advances: HyPer probes were used in a variety of models to study the role of HO in various redox processes. HyPer has been increasingly used in the past few years for in vivo studies, which has already led to many important discoveries, for example, that HO plays a key role in the regulation of signaling cascades involved in development and aging, inflammation, regeneration, photosynthetic signaling, and other biological processes.

   ID:2144
3. Kostyuk A.I., Panova A.S., Bilan D.S., Belousov V.V. (2018). Redox biosensors in a context of multiparameter imaging. Free Radic. Biol. Med. , [+]

   A wide variety of genetically encoded fluorescent biosensors are available to date. Some of them have already contributed significantly to our understanding of biological processes occurring at cellular and organismal levels. Using such an approach, outstanding success has been achieved in the field of redox biology. The probes allowed researchers to observe, for the first time, the dynamics of important redox parameters in vivo during embryogenesis, aging, the inflammatory response, the pathogenesis of various diseases, and many other processes. Given the differences in the readout and spectra of the probes, they can be used in multiparameter imaging in which several processes are monitored simultaneously in the cell. Intracellular processes form an extensive network of interactions. For example, redox changes are often accompanied by changes in many other biochemical reactions related to cellular metabolism and signaling. Therefore, multiparameter imaging can provide important information concerning the temporal and spatial relationship of various signaling and metabolic processes. In this review, we will describe the main types of genetically encoded biosensors, the most frequently used readout, and their use in multiplexed imaging mode.

   ID:2143
4. Ermakova Y.G., Pak V.V., Bogdanova Y.A., Kotlobay A.A., Yampolsky I.V., Shokhina A.G., Panova A.S., Marygin R.A., Staroverov D.B., Bilan D.S., Sies H., Belousov V.V. (2018). SypHer3s: a genetically encoded fluorescent ratiometric probe with enhanced brightness and an improved dynamic range. Chem. Commun. (Camb.) 54 (23), 2898–2901 [+]

   We designed a genetically encoded ratiometric fluorescent probe, SypHer3s, with enhanced brightness and optimized pK, which responds to pH changes in different cellular compartments. SypHer3s was successfully utilized for imaging the pH dynamics in mitochondria of living neurons and in quantitative pH measurement in zebrafish embryos.

   ID:2150
5. Shirmanova M.V., Druzhkova I.N., Lukina M.M., Dudenkova V.V., Ignatova N.I., Snopova L.B., Shcheslavskiy V.I., Belousov V.V., Zagaynova E.V. (2017). Chemotherapy with cisplatin: insights into intracellular pH and metabolic landscape of cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Sci Rep 7 (1), 8911 [+]

   Although cisplatin plays a central role in cancer chemotherapy, the mechanisms of cell response to this drug have been unexplored. The present study demonstrates the relationships between the intracellular pH (pHi), cell bioenergetics and the response of cervical cancer to cisplatin. pHi was measured using genetically encoded sensor SypHer2 and metabolic state was accessed by fluorescence intensities and lifetimes of endogenous cofactors NAD(P)H and FAD. Our data support the notion that cisplatin induces acidification of the cytoplasm early after the treatment. We revealed in vitro that a capacity of cells to recover and maintain alkaline pHi after the initial acidification is the crucial factor in mediating the cellular decision to survive and proliferate at a vastly reduced rate or to undergo cell death. Additionally, we showed for the first time that pHi acidification occurs after prolonged therapy in vitro and in vivo, and this, likely, favors metabolic reorganization of cells. A metabolic shift from glycolysis towards oxidative metabolism accompanied the cisplatin-induced inhibition of cancer cell growth in vitro and in vivo. Overall, these findings contribute to an understanding of the mechanisms underlying the responsiveness of an individual cell and tumor to therapy and are valuable for developing new therapeutic strategies.

   ID:2146
6. Chen H., Xu H., Potash S., Starkov A., Belousov V.V., Bilan D.S., Denton T.T., Gibson G.E. (2017). Mild metabolic perturbations alter succinylation of mitochondrial proteins. J. Neurosci. Res. , [+]

   Succinylation of proteins is widespread, modifies both the charge and size of the molecules, and can alter their function. For example, liver mitochondrial proteins have 1,190 unique succinylation sites representing multiple metabolic pathways. Succinylation is sensitive to both increases and decreases of the NAD(+) -dependent desuccinylase, SIRT5. Although the succinyl group for succinylation is derived from metabolism, the effects of systematic variation of metabolism on mitochondrial succinylation are not known. Changes in succinylation of mitochondrial proteins following variations in metabolism were compared against the mitochondrial redox state as estimated by the mitochondrial NAD(+) /NADH ratio using fluorescent probes. The ratio was decreased by reduced glycolysis and/or glutathione depletion (iodoacetic acid; 2-deoxyglucose), depressed tricarboxylic acid cycle activity (carboxyethyl ester of succinyl phosphonate), and impairment of electron transport (antimycin) or ATP synthase (oligomycin), while uncouplers of oxidative phosphorylation (carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenyl hydrazine or tyrphostin) increased the NAD(+) /NADH ratio. All of the conditions decreased succinylation. In contrast, reducing the oxygen from 20% to 2.4% increased succinylation. The results demonstrate that succinylation varies with metabolic states, is not correlated to the mitochondrial NAD(+) /NADH ratio, and may help coordinate the response to metabolic challenge.

   ID:1804
7. Bogdanova Y.A., Schultz C., Belousov V.V. (2017). Local Generation and Imaging of Hydrogen Peroxide in Living Cells. Curr Protoc Chem Biol 9 (2), 117–127 [+]

   Described here is a localized H2 O2 generation-detection system consisting of a yeast D-amino acid oxidase (DAAO) and two spectrally distinct variants of biosensor, HyPer2 and HyPerRed based on circularly permutated yellow and red fluorescent proteins, respectively, which enables spatiotemporal production and examination of the intracellular H2 O2 dynamics. The protocol describes using this system in a simple cell culture model. We provide detailed instructions on imaging of H2 O2 generated by the activated DAAO. The system can be easily optimized for various combinations of cell types, conditions and DAAO/sensor subcellular localizations. © 2017 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

   ID:1805
8. Ermakova Y.G., Lanin A.A., Fedotov I.V., Roshchin M., Kelmanson I.V., Kulik D., Bogdanova Y.A., Shokhina A.G., Bilan D.S., Staroverov D.B., Balaban P.M., Fedotov A.B., SidorovBiryukov D.A., Nikitin E.S., Zheltikov A.M., Belousov V.V. (2017). Thermogenetic neurostimulation with single-cell resolution. Nat Commun 8, 15362 [+]

   Thermogenetics is a promising innovative neurostimulation technique, which enables robust activation of neurons using thermosensitive transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels. Broader application of this approach in neuroscience is, however, hindered by a limited variety of suitable ion channels, and by low spatial and temporal resolution of neuronal activation when TRP channels are activated by ambient temperature variations or chemical agonists. Here, we demonstrate rapid, robust and reproducible repeated activation of snake TRPA1 channels heterologously expressed in non-neuronal cells, mouse neurons and zebrafish neurons in vivo by infrared (IR) laser radiation. A fibre-optic probe that integrates a nitrogen-vacancy (NV) diamond quantum sensor with optical and microwave waveguide delivery enables thermometry with single-cell resolution, allowing neurons to be activated by exceptionally mild heating, thus preventing the damaging effects of excessive heat. The neuronal responses to the activation by IR laser radiation are fully characterized using Ca(2+) imaging and electrophysiology, providing, for the first time, a complete framework for a thermogenetic manipulation of individual neurons using IR light.

   ID:1799
9. Mishina N.M., Belousov V.V. (2017). Live-Cell STED Imaging with the HyPer2 Biosensor. Methods Mol. Biol. 1663, 21–28 [+]

   Stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy is a popular super resolution imaging technique. Not only synthetic dyes and fluorescent proteins can be utilized as STED fluorophores, but also genetically encoded biosensors. Fusing the biosensor with proteins of interest allows subdiffraction imaging of intracellular macromolecular architecture with simultaneous extraction of functional information about cellular activities. Here, we describe a protocol for live-cell STED microscopy of the HyPer2 biosensor fused to cytoskeletal filaments.

   ID:2145
10. Bilan D.S., Belousov V.V. (2016). New tools for redox biology: From imaging to manipulation. Free Radic. Biol. Med. , [+]

    Redox reactions play a key role in maintaining essential biological processes. Deviations in redox pathways result in the development of various pathologies at cellular and organismal levels. Until recently, studies on transformations in the intracellular redox state have been significantly hampered in living systems. The genetically encoded indicators, based on fluorescent proteins, have provided new opportunities in biomedical research. The existing indicators already enable monitoring of cellular redox parameters in different processes including embryogenesis, aging, inflammation, tissue regeneration, and pathogenesis of various diseases. In this review, we summarize information about all genetically encoded redox indicators developed to date. We provide the description of each indicator and discuss its advantages and limitations, as well as points that need to be considered when choosing an indicator for a particular experiment. One chapter is devoted to the important discoveries that have been made by using genetically encoded redox indicators.

    ID:1800
11. Bilan D.S., Belousov V.V. (2016). Genetically encoded probes for NAD(+)/NADH monitoring. Free Radic. Biol. Med. 100, 32–42 [+]

    NAD(+) and NADH participate in many metabolic reactions. The NAD(+)/NADH ratio is an important parameter reflecting the general metabolic and redox state of different types of cells. For a long time, in situ and in vivo NAD(+)/NADH monitoring has been hampered by the lack of suitable tools. The recent development of genetically encoded indicators based on fluorescent proteins linked to specific nucleotide-binding domains has already helped to address this monitoring problem. In this review, we will focus on four available indicators: Peredox, Frex family probes, RexYFP and SoNar. Each indicator has advantages and limitations. We will also discuss the most important points that should be considered when selecting a suitable indicator for certain experimental conditions.

    ID:1801
12. Gibhardt C.S., Zimmermann K.M., Zhang X., Belousov V.V., Bogeski I. (2016). Imaging calcium and redox signals using genetically encoded fluorescent indicators. Cell Calcium , [+]

    Calcium and redox signals are presently established as essential regulators of many cellular processes. Nevertheless, we are still far from fully understanding the physiological and pathological importance of these universal second messengers. It is becoming increasingly apparent that many cellular functions are not regulated by global changes in the abundance of Ca(2+) ions and/or reactive oxygen and nitrogen species (ROS and RNS), but by the formation of transient local micro-domains or by signaling limited to a particular cellular compartment. Therefore, it is essential to identify and quantify Ca(2+) and redox signals in single cells with a high spatial and temporal resolution. The best tools for this purpose are the genetically encoded fluorescent indicators (GEFI). These protein sensors can be targeted into different cellular compartments, feature different colors, can be used to establish transgenic animal models, and are relatively inert to the cellular environment. Based on the chemical properties of Ca(2+) and ROS/RNS, currently more sensors exist for the detection of Ca(2+)- than for redox signals. Here, we shortly describe the most popular genetically encoded fluorescent Ca(2+) and redox indicators, discuss advantages and disadvantages based on our experience, show examples of different applications, and thus provide a brief guide that will help scientists choose the right combination of Ca(2+) and redox sensors to answer specific scientific questions.

    ID:1516
13. Bilan D.S., Belousov V.V. (2016). HyPer Family Probes: State of the Art. Antioxid. Redox Signal. , [+]

    Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is not only a key mediator of oxidative stress but also one of the most important cellular second messengers. This small short-lived molecule is involved in the regulation of a wide range of different biological processes, including regulation of cellular signaling pathways. Studying the role of H2O2 in living systems would be challenging without modern approaches. A genetically encoded fluorescent biosensor, HyPer, is one of the most effective tools for this purpose. Recent Advances: HyPer has been used by many investigators of redox signaling in various models of different scales: from cytoplasmic subcompartments and single cells to tissues of whole organisms. In many studies, the results obtained using HyPer have enabled a better understanding of the roles of H2O2 in these biological processes. However, much remains to be learned.

    ID:1354
14. Santos C.X., Hafstad A.D., Beretta M., Zhang M., Molenaar C., Kopec J., Fotinou D., Murray T.V., Cobb A.M., Martin D., ZehSilva M., Anilkumar N., Schröder K., Shanahan C.M., Brewer A.C., Brandes R.P., Blanc E., Parsons M., Belousov V., Cammack R., Hider R.C., Steiner R.A., Shah A.M. (2016). Targeted redox inhibition of protein phosphatase 1 by Nox4 regulates eIF2α-mediated stress signaling. EMBO J. , [+]

    Phosphorylation of translation initiation factor 2α (eIF2α) attenuates global protein synthesis but enhances translation of activating transcription factor 4 (ATF4) and is a crucial evolutionarily conserved adaptive pathway during cellular stresses. The serine-threonine protein phosphatase 1 (PP1) deactivates this pathway whereas prolonging eIF2α phosphorylation enhances cell survival. Here, we show that the reactive oxygen species-generating NADPH oxidase-4 (Nox4) is induced downstream of ATF4, binds to a PP1-targeting subunit GADD34 at the endoplasmic reticulum, and inhibits PP1 activity to increase eIF2α phosphorylation and ATF4 levels. Other PP1 targets distant from the endoplasmic reticulum are unaffected, indicating a spatially confined inhibition of the phosphatase. PP1 inhibition involves metal center oxidation rather than the thiol oxidation that underlies redox inhibition of protein tyrosine phosphatases. We show that this Nox4-regulated pathway robustly enhances cell survival and has a physiologic role in heart ischemia-reperfusion and acute kidney injury. This work uncovers a novel redox signaling pathway, involving Nox4-GADD34 interaction and a targeted oxidative inactivation of the PP1 metal center, that sustains eIF2α phosphorylation to protect tissues under stress.

    ID:1352
15. Erapaneedi R., Belousov V.V., Schäfers M., Kiefer F. (2016). A novel family of fluorescent hypoxia sensors reveal strong heterogeneity in tumor hypoxia at the cellular level. EMBO J. 35 (1), 102–13 [+]

    Hypoxia is an intensively investigated condition with profound effects on cell metabolism, migration, and angiogenesis during development and disease. Physiologically, hypoxia is linked to tissue homeostasis and maintenance of pluripotency. Hypoxia also contributes to pathologies including cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Despite its importance, microscopic visualization of hypoxia is largely restricted to the detection of reductively activated probes by immunostaining. Here, we describe a novel family of genetically encoded fluorescent sensors that detect the activation of HIF transcription factors reported by the oxygen-independent fluorescent protein UnaG. It comprises sensors with different switching and memory behavior and combination sensors that allow the distinction of hypoxic and reoxygenated cells. We tested these sensors on orthotopically transplanted glioma cell lines. Using a cranial window, we could visualize hypoxia intravitally at cellular resolution. In tissue samples, sensor activity was detected in regions, which were largely devoid of blood vessels, correlated with HIF-1α stabilization, and were highly heterogeneous at a cellular level. Frequently, we detected recently reoxygenated cells outside hypoxic areas in the proximity of blood vessels, suggestive of hypoxia-promoted cell migration.

    ID:1353
16. Fedotov I.V., Safronov N.A., Ermakova Y.G., Matlashov M.E., SidorovBiryukov D.A., Fedotov A.B., Belousov V.V., Zheltikov A.M. (2015). Fiber-optic control and thermometry of single-cell thermosensation logic. Sci Rep 5, 15737 [+]Thermal activation of transient receptor potential (TRP) cation channels is one of the most striking examples of temperature-controlled processes in cell biology. As the evidence indicating the fundamental role of such processes in thermosensation builds at a fast pace, adequately accurate tools that would allow heat receptor logic behind thermosensation to be examined on a single-cell level are in great demand. Here, we demonstrate a specifically designed fiber-optic probe that enables thermal activation with simultaneous online thermometry of individual cells expressing genetically encoded TRP channels. This probe integrates a fiber-optic tract for the delivery of laser light with a two-wire microwave transmission line. A diamond microcrystal fixed on the fiber tip is heated by laser radiation transmitted through the fiber, providing a local heating of a cell culture, enabling a well-controlled TRP-assisted thermal activation of cells. Online local temperature measurements are performed by using the temperature-dependent frequency shift of optically detected magnetic resonance, induced by coupling the microwave field, delivered by the microwave transmission line, to nitrogen-vacancy centers in the diamond microcrystal. Activation of TRP channels is verified by using genetically encoded fluorescence indicators, visualizing an increase in the calcium flow through activated TRP channels. ID:1328
17. Shirmanova M.V., Druzhkova I.N., Lukina M.M., Matlashov M.E., Belousov V.V., Snopova L.B., Prodanetz N.N., Dudenkova V.V., Lukyanov S.A., Zagaynova E.V. (2015). Intracellular pH imaging in cancer cells in vitro and tumors in vivo using the new genetically encoded sensor SypHer2. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1850 (9), 1905–11 [+]

    Measuring intracellular pH (pHi) in tumors is essential for the monitoring of cancer progression and the response of cancer cells to various treatments. The purpose of the study was to develop a method for pHi mapping in living cancer cells in vitro and in tumors in vivo, using the novel genetically encoded indicator, SypHer2.

    ID:1314
18. Matlashov M.E., Bogdanova Y.A., Ermakova G.V., Mishina N.M., Ermakova Y.G., Nikitin E.S., Balaban P.M., Okabe S., Lukyanov S., Enikolopov G., Zaraisky A.G., Belousov V.V. (2015). Fluorescent ratiometric pH indicator SypHer2: applications in neuroscience and regenerative biology. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1850 (11), 2318–2328 [+]

     

    SypHer is a genetically encoded fluorescent pH-indicator with a ratiometric readout, suitable for measuring fast intracellular pH shifts. However, a relatively low brightness of the indicator limits its use.

    METHODS:

     

    Here we designed a new version of pH-sensor - SypHer-2, that has up to three times brighter fluorescence signal in cultured mammalian cells compared to the SypHer.

    RESULTS:

     

    Using the new indicator we registered activity-associated pH oscillations in neuronal cell culture. We observed prominent temporal neuronal cytoplasm acidification that occurs in parallel with calcium entry. Furthermore, we monitored pH in presynaptic and postsynaptic termini by targeting SypHer-2 directly to these compartments and revealed marked differences in pH dynamics between synaptic boutons and dendritic spines. Finally, we were able to reveal for the first time the intracellular pH drop which occurs within an extended region of the amputated tail of the Xenopus laevis tadpole before it begins to regenerate.

    CONCLUSIONS:

     

    SypHer2 is suitable for quantitative monitoring of pH in biological systems of different scales, from small cellular subcompartments to animal tissues in vivo.

    GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE:

     

    The new pH-sensor will help to investigate pH-dependent processes in both in vitro and in vivo studies.

     

    ID:1309
19. Mishin A.S., Belousov V.V., Solntsev K.M., Lukyanov K.A. (2015). Novel uses of fluorescent proteins. Curr Opin Chem Biol 27, 1–9 [+]The field of genetically encoded fluorescent probes is developing rapidly. New chromophore structures were characterized in proteins of green fluorescent protein (GFP) family. A number of red fluorescent sensors, for example, for pH, Ca(2+) and H2O2, were engineered for multiparameter imaging. Progress in development of microscopy hardware and software together with specially designed FPs pushed superresolution fluorescence microscopy towards fast live-cell imaging. Deeper understanding of FPs structure and photophysics led to further development of imaging techniques. In addition to commonly used GFP-like proteins, unrelated types of FPs on the base of flavin-binding domains, bilirubin-binding domains or biliverdin-binding domains were designed. Their distinct biochemical and photophysical properties opened previously unexplored niches of FP uses such as labeling under anaerobic conditions, deep tissue imaging and even patients' blood analysis. ID:1293
20. Mishina N.M., Mishin A.S., Belyaev Y., Bogdanova E.A., Lukyanov S., Schultz C., Belousov V.V. (2015). Live-Cell STED Microscopy with Genetically Encoded Biosensor. Nano Lett. 15 (5), 2928–2932 [+]

    Of the various super-resolution techniques, stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy achieves the best temporal resolution at high spatial resolution, enabling live-cell imaging beyond the diffraction limit. However, STED and most other super-resolution imaging methods utilize a particular type of information extractable from the raw data, namely the positions of fluorophores. To expand on the use of super-resolution techniques, we report here the live-cell STED microscopy of a dynamic biosensor. Using the fluorescent H2O2 sensor HyPer2 for subdiffraction imaging, we were able not only to image filaments with superior resolution by localizing emission but also to trace H2O2 produced within living cell by monitoring brightness of the probe. STED microscopy of HyPer2 demonstrates potential utility of FP-based biosensors for super-resolution experiments in situ and in vivo.

    ID:1259
21. Schwarzländer M., Wagner S., Ermakova Y.G., Belousov V.V., Radi R., Beckman J.S., Buettner G.R., Demaurex N., Duchen M.R., Forman H.J., Fricker M.D., Gems D., Halestrap A.P., Halliwell B., Jakob U., Johnston I.G., Jones N.S., Logan D.C., Morgan B., Müller F.L., Nicholls D.G., Remington S.J., Schumacker P.T., Winterbourn C.C., Sweetlove L.J., Meyer A.J., Dick T.P., Murphy M.P. (2014). The 'mitoflash' probe cpYFP does not respond to superoxide. Nature 514 (7523), E12–4 ID:1094
22. Ermakova Y.G., Bilan D.S., Matlashov M.E., Mishina N.M., Markvicheva K.N., Subach O.M., Subach F.V., Bogeski I., Hoth M., Enikolopov G., Belousov V.V. (2014). Red fluorescent genetically encoded indicator for intracellular hydrogen peroxide. Nat Commun 5, 5222 [+]

    Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are conserved regulators of numerous cellular functions, and overproduction of ROS is a hallmark of various pathological processes. Genetically encoded fluorescent probes are unique tools to study ROS production in living systems of different scale and complexity. However, the currently available recombinant redox sensors have green emission, which overlaps with the spectra of many other probes. Expanding the spectral range of recombinant in vivo ROS probes would enable multiparametric in vivo ROS detection. Here we present the first genetically encoded red fluorescent sensor for hydrogen peroxide detection, HyPerRed. The performance of this sensor is similar to its green analogues. We demonstrate the utility of the sensor by tracing low concentrations of H2O2 produced in the cytoplasm of cultured cells upon growth factor stimulation. Moreover, using HyPerRed we detect local and transient H2O2 production in the mitochondrial matrix upon inhibition of the endoplasmic reticulum Ca(2+) uptake.

    ID:1093
23. Bilan D.S., Matlashov M.E., Gorokhovatsky A.Y., Schultz C., Enikolopov G., Belousov V.V. (2013). Genetically encoded fluorescent indicator for imaging NAD(+)/NADH ratio changes in different cellular compartments. Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1840 (3), 951–957 [+]

    The ratio of NAD(+)/NADH is a key indicator that reflects the overall redox state of the cells. Until recently, there were no methods for real time NAD(+)/NADH monitoring in living cells. Genetically encoded fluorescent probes for NAD(+)/NADH are fundamentally new approach for studying the NAD(+)/NADH dynamics.

    ID:984
24. Matlashov M.V., Belousov V.V., Enikolopov G. (2013). How Much H2O2 Is Produced by Recombinant D-Amino Acid Oxidase in Mammalian Cells? Antioxid. Redox Signal. , [+]

    Abstract Yeast D-amino acid oxidase (DAO) can serve as a genetically encoded producer of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in redox signaling studies. However, dynamics of hydrogen peroxide production and its sensitivity to externally added D-alanine (D-Ala) in cells have not been determined. Here we show that DAO, fused to a genetically encoded H2O2 indicator HyPer, can be used for controlled production of ROS in living eukaryotic cells. We found a clear heterogeneity in ROS production dynamics between individual cells. Moreover, different cell lines demonstrated distinct sensitivity to added D-Ala. Finally, by comparing signals generated by the HyPer-DAO fusion protein versus coexpressed HyPer and DAO proteins, we show that the fusion system is more sensitive to hydrogen peroxide production. Our results show the utility of the HyPer-DAO genetically encoded system for redox signaling studies and suggest that H2O2 produced by DAO in the cytoplasm acts locally in close proximity to the enzyme. Antioxid. Redox Signal. 00, 000-000.

    ID:907
25. Lukyanov K.A., Belousov V.V. (2013). Genetically encoded fluorescent redox sensors. Biochim. Biophys. Acta , [+]

    Life is a constant flow of electrons via redox couples. Redox reactions determine many if not all major cellular functions. Until recently, redox processes remained hidden from direct observation in living systems due to the lack of adequate methodology. Over the last years, imaging tools including small molecule probes and genetically encoded sensors appeared, which provided, for the first time, an opportunity to visualize and, in some cases, quantify redox reactions in live cells. Genetically encoded fluorescent redox probes, such as HyPer, rxYFP and roGFPs, have been used in several models, ranging from cultured cells to transgenic animals, and now enough information has been collected to highlight advantages and pitfalls of these probes.

    ID:908
26. Bilan D.S., Pase L., Joosen L., Gorokhovatsky A.Y., Ermakova Y.G., Gadella T.W., Grabher C., Schultz C., Lukyanov S., Belousov V.V. (2013). HyPer-3: a genetically encoded H(2)O(2) probe with improved performance for ratiometric and fluorescence lifetime imaging. ACS Chem. Biol. 8 (3), 535–42 [+]

    High-performance sensors for reactive oxygen species are instrumental to monitor dynamic events in cells and organisms. Here, we present HyPer-3, a genetically encoded fluorescent indicator for intracellular H2O2 exhibiting improved performance with respect to response time and speed. HyPer-3 has an expanded dynamic range compared to HyPer and significantly faster oxidation/reduction dynamics compared to HyPer-2. We demonstrate this performance by in vivo imaging of tissue-scale H2O2 gradients in zebrafish larvae. Moreover, HyPer-3 was successfully employed for single-wavelength fluorescent lifetime imaging of H2O2 levels both in vitro and in vivo.

    ID:909
27. Ivanova A.S., Tereshina M.B., Ermakova G.V., Belousov V.V., Zaraisky A.G. (2013). Agr genes, missing in amniotes, are involved in the body appendages regeneration in frog tadpoles. Sci Rep 3, 1279 [+]

    Previous studies have shown that Agr genes, which encode thioredoxin domain-containing secreted proteins, play a critical role in limb regeneration in salamanders. To determine the evolutionary conservation of Agr function, it is important to examine whether Agrs play a similar role in species with a different type of regeneration. Here, we refined the phylogeny of Agrs, revealing three subfamilies: Ag1, Agr2 and Agr3. Importantly, we established that Ag1 was lost in higher vertebrates, which correlates with their decreased regeneration ability. In Xenopus laevis tadpoles (anamniotes), which have all three Agr subfamilies and a high regenerating capacity, Agrs were activated in the stumps of tails and hindlimb buds that were amputated at stage 52. However, Agrs were not up-regulated when the hindlimb buds were amputated at stage 57, the stage at which their regeneration capacity is lost. Our findings indicate the general importance of Agrs for body appendages regeneration in amphibians.

    ID:833
28. Mishina N.M., Markvicheva K.N., Fradkov A.F., Zagaynova E.V., Schultz C., Lukyanov S., Belousov V.V. (2013). Imaging H2O2 microdomains in receptor tyrosine kinases signaling. Meth. Enzymol. 526, 175–87 [+]

    HyPer, a ratiometric genetically encoded fluorescent sensor, is a popular tool for intracellular hydrogen peroxide detection. When expressed in cultured cells, the freely diffusing version of the sensor (HyPer-cyto) detects temporal patterns of H2O2 generation. However, rapid diffusion of the probe within the nucleocytoplasmic compartment averages the H2O2 signal even in cases of local oxidant production. Consequently, we immobilized the sensor within specific subcellular compartments allowing it to monitor local increases in H2O2. Here, we provide a protocol of ratiometric imaging and ImageJ-based quantification of H2O2 microdomains produced by cells upon physiological stimulation.

    ID:910
29. Mishina N.M., Markvicheva K.N., Bilan D.S., Matlashov M.E., Shirmanova M.V., Liebl D., Schultz C., Lukyanov S., Belousov V.V. (2013). Visualization of intracellular hydrogen peroxide with HyPer, a genetically encoded fluorescent probe. Meth. Enzymol. 526, 45–59 [+]

    The fluorescent sensor HyPer allows monitoring of intracellular H2O2 levels with a high degree of sensitivity and specificity. Here, we provide a detailed protocol of ratiometric imaging of H2O2 produced by cells during phagocytosis, including instructions for experiments on different commercial confocal systems, namely, Leica SP2, Leica SP5, and Carl Zeiss LSM, as well as wide-field Leica 6000 microscope. The general experimental scheme is easily adaptable for imaging H2O2 production by various cell types under a variety of conditions.

    ID:911
30. Mishina N.M., Bogeski I., Bolotin D.A., Hoth M., Niemeyer B.A., Schultz C., Zagaynova E.V., Lukyanov S., Belousov V.V. (2012). Can we see PIP(3) and hydrogen peroxide with a single probe? Antioxid. Redox Signal. 17 (3), 505–12 [+]

    A genetically encoded sensor for parallel measurements of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase activity and hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) levels (termed PIP-SHOW) was developed. Upon elevation of local phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5-trisphosphate (PIP(3)) concentration, the sensor translocates from the cytosol to the plasma membrane, while a ratiometric excitation change rapidly and simultaneously reports changes in the concentration of H(2)O(2). The dynamics of PIP(3) and H(2)O(2) generation were monitored in platelet-derived growth factor-stimulated fibroblasts and in T-lymphocytes after formation of an immunological synapse. We suggest that PIP-SHOW can serve as a prototype for many fluorescent sensors with combined readouts.

    ID:912
31. Murphy M.P., Holmgren A., Larsson N.G., Halliwell B., Chang C.J., Kalyanaraman B., Rhee S.G., Thornalley P.J., Partridge L., Gems D., Nyström T., Belousov V., Schumacker P.T., Winterbourn C.C. (2011). Unraveling the biological roles of reactive oxygen species. Cell Metab. 13 (4), 361–6 [+]

    Reactive oxygen species are not only harmful agents that cause oxidative damage in pathologies, they also have important roles as regulatory agents in a range of biological phenomena. The relatively recent development of this more nuanced view presents a challenge to the biomedical research community on how best to assess the significance of reactive oxygen species and oxidative damage in biological systems. Considerable progress is being made in addressing these issues, and here we survey some recent developments for those contemplating research in this area.

    ID:914
32. Markvicheva K.N., Bilan D.S., Mishina N.M., Gorokhovatsky A.Y., Vinokurov L.M., Lukyanov S., Belousov V.V. (2011). A genetically encoded sensor for H2O2 with expanded dynamic range. Bioorg. Med. Chem. 19 (3), 1079–84 [+]

    Hydrogen peroxide is an important second messenger controlling intracellular signaling cascades by selective oxidation of redox active thiolates in proteins. Changes in intracellular [H(2)O(2)] can be tracked in real time using HyPer, a ratiometric genetically encoded fluorescent probe. Although HyPer is sensitive and selective for H(2)O(2) due to the properties of its sensing domain derived from the Escherichia coli OxyR protein, many applications may benefit from an improvement of the indicator's dynamic range. We here report HyPer-2, a probe that fills this demand. Upon saturating [H(2)O(2)] exposure, HyPer-2 undergoes an up to sixfold increase of the ratio F500/F420 versus a threefold change in HyPer. HyPer-2 was generated by a single point mutation A406V from HyPer corresponding to A233V in wtOxyR. This mutation was previously shown to destabilize interface between monomers in OxyR dimers. However, in HyPer-2, the A233V mutation stabilizes the dimer and expands the dynamic range of the probe.

    ID:913
33. Mishina N.M., TyurinKuzmin P.A., Markvicheva K.N., Vorotnikov A.V., Tkachuk V.A., Laketa V., Schultz C., Lukyanov S., Belousov V.V. (2011). Does cellular hydrogen peroxide diffuse or act locally? Antioxid. Redox Signal. 14 (1), 1–7 [+]

    Understanding of redox signaling requires data on the spatiotemporal distribution of hydrogen peroxide (H(2)O(2)) within the cell. The fluorescent reporter HyPer is a powerful instrument for H(2)O(2) imaging. However, rapid diffusion of HyPer throughout the nucleocytoplasmic compartment does not allow visualization of H(2)O(2) gradients on the micrometer scale. Here we dramatically improved the spatial resolution of H(2)O(2) imaging by applying subcytoplasmic targeting of HyPer. The membrane-attached reporters identified "microdomains" of elevated H(2)O(2) levels within the cytoplasm of the cells exposed to growth factors. We demonstrate that diffusion of H(2)O(2) across the cytoplasm was strongly limited, providing evidence that H(2)O(2) acts locally inside cells.

    ID:915
34. Bogdanov A.M., Mishin A.S., Yampolsky I.V., Belousov V.V., Chudakov D.M., Subach F.V., Verkhusha V.V., Lukyanov S., Lukyanov K.A. (2009). Green fluorescent proteins are light-induced electron donors. Nat. Chem. Biol.  (5), 459–461 [+]

    Proteins of the green fluorescent protein (GFP) family are well known owing to their unique biochemistry and extensive use as in vivo markers. We discovered that GFPs of diverse origins can act as light-induced electron donors in photochemical reactions with various electron acceptors, including biologically relevant ones. Moreover, via green-to-red GFP photoconversion, this process can be observed in living cells without additional treatment.

    ID:22
35. Markvicheva K.N., Gorokhovatskiĭ A.I.u., Mishina N.M., Mudrik N.N., Vinokurov L.M., Lukianov S.A., Belousov V.V. (2009). Signaling function of phagocytic NADPH oxidase: activation of MAP kinase cascades in phagocytosis. Bioorg. Khim. 36 (1), 133–8 [+]

    Until recently, the production of reactive oxygen species by NADPH oxidase has been considered only in the context of the oxidative damage to pathogens inside the phagosome. However, homologues of phagocytic NADPH oxidase have been found in almost all cell types, where they produce hydrogen peroxide and thereby regulate the initial intracellular stages of MAP kinase cascades. In the present work, the activation of two MAP kinase cascades, p38 and Erk1/2, during phagocytosis has been studied. It was found that phagocytosis activates both cascades. The activation of Erkl/2 is dependent, and the activation of p38 is not dependent, on the activity of NADPH oxidase. Thus, it can be stated that the activation of MAP kinases in phagocytes during phagocytosis occurs by a mechanism similar to that operating in nonphagocytizing cells, indicating the universality of the function of NADPH oxidases in different cell types.

    ID:917
36. Tereshina M.B., Belousov V.V., Zaraĭskiĭ A.G. (2009). Study of the mechanism of Ras-dva small GTPase intracellular localization. Bioorg. Khim. 33 (5), 574–6 [+]

    An analysis of amino acid sequences of small GTPases of the Ras-dva family allowed us to determine the C-terminal prenylation motif, which could be responsible for the membrane localization of these proteins. We demonstrated using in vivo EGFP tracing that the Ras-dva small GTPases from Xenopus laevis embryo cells and NIH-3T3 fibroblasts are localized on both plasma membranes and endomembranes (the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, and vesicles). At the same time, the replacement of the Cys residue, the SH group of which must be theoretically farnesylated, in the C-terminal prenylation motif of the Ras-dva small GTPase by the Ser residue prevented the membrane localization of the protein. These results indicate that the C-terminal prenylation site is critical for the membrane localization of small Ras-dva GTPases.

    ID:918
37. Belousov V.V., Enikolopov G.N., Mishina N.M. (2009). [Compartmentalization of ROS-mediated signal transduction]. Bioorg. Khim. 39 (4), 383–99 [+]

    The localization of signaling molecules close to their targets is the central principle of cell signaling. The colocalization of multicomponent signaling complexes is realized through protein scaffolds that provide better specificity than undirected diffusion ofthe same components. ROS-generating complexes have been suggested to follow this principle by specific intracellular localization of ROS production and the limitation of ROS diffusion distances. However, the lack of adequate methods did not allow direct detection of local ROS production to confirm the model ofredox signaling compartmentalization. Nevertheless, evidences of local ROS production and restriction of diffusion were provided by kinetic modeling and data on the subcellular localization of NADPH-oxidase isoforms, their adapter proteins and local restriction of ROS diffusion. Here we shall discuss the properties of antioxidant system which prevents uncontrolled ROS diffusion from the sites of generation to the adjacent subcellular compartments; the current data of the specific localization NADPH-oxidases activity and its influence on intracellular processes; the recent evidences of the ROS diffusion restriction.

    ID:1088
38. Markvicheva K.N., Bogdanova E.A., Staroverov D.B., Lukyanov S., Belousov V.V. (2008). Imaging of intracellular hydrogen peroxide production with HyPer upon stimulation of HeLa cells with epidermal growth factor. Methods Mol. Biol. 476, 79–86 [+]

    Reactive oxygen species (ROS) regulate both normal cell functions by activating a number of enzymatic cascades and pathological processes in many diseases by inducing oxidative stress. For many years since the discovery of ROS in biological systems, there were no adequate methods of detection and quantification of these molecules inside the living cells. We developed the first genetically encoded fluorescent indicator for the intracellular detection of hydrogen peroxide, HyPer, that can be used for imaging of H2O2 production by cells under various physiological and pathological conditions. Unlike most known ROS indicators, HyPer allows the generation of a real-time image series that give precise information about the time course and intensity of H2O2 changes in any compartment of interest. In this chapter, we describe the method of confocal imaging of hydrogen peroxide production in HeLa cells upon stimulation with epidermal growth factor. The technique described may be accepted with minimal variations for the use in other cell lines upon various conditions leading to H2O2, production.

    ID:916
39. Souslova E.A., Belousov V.V., Lock J.G., Strömblad S., Kasparov S., Bolshakov A.P., Pinelis V.G., Labas Y.A., Lukyanov S., Mayr L.M., Chudakov D.M. (2007). Single fluorescent protein-based Ca2+ sensors with increased dynamic range. BMC Biotechnol. 7, 37 [+]

    BACKGROUND: Genetically encoded sensors developed on the basis of green fluorescent protein (GFP)-like proteins are becoming more and more popular instruments for monitoring cellular analytes and enzyme activities in living cells and transgenic organisms. In particular, a number of Ca2+ sensors have been developed, either based on FRET (Fluorescence Resonance Energy Transfer) changes between two GFP-mutants or on the change in fluorescence intensity of a single circularly permuted fluorescent protein (cpFP). RESULTS: Here we report significant progress on the development of the latter type of Ca2+ sensors. Derived from the knowledge of previously reported cpFP-based sensors, we generated a set of cpFP-based indicators with different spectral properties and fluorescent responses to changes in Ca2+ concentration. Two variants, named Case12 and Case16, were characterized by particular high brightness and superior dynamic range, up to 12-fold and 16.5-fold increase in green fluorescence between Ca2+-free and Ca2+-saturated forms. We demonstrated the high potential of these sensors on various examples, including monitoring of Ca2+ response to a prolonged glutamate treatment in cortical neurons. CONCLUSION: We believe that expanded dynamic range, high brightness and relatively high pH-stability should make Case12 and Case16 popular research tools both in scientific studies and high throughput screening assays.

    ID:310
40. Chudakov D.M., Chepurnykh T.V., Belousov V.V., Lukyanov S., Lukyanov K.A. (2006). Fast and precise protein tracking using repeated reversible photoactivation. Traffic 7 (10), 1304–10 [+]

    Photoactivatable fluorescent proteins opened principally novel possibilities to study proteins' movement pathways. In particular, reversibly photoactivatable proteins enable multiple tracking experiments in a long-drawn work with a single cell. Here we report 'protein rivers tracking' technique based on repeated identical rounds of photoactivation and subsequent images averaging, which results in dramatic increase of imaging resolution for fast protein movement events.

    ID:281
41. Belousov V.V., Fradkov A.F., Lukyanov K.A., Staroverov D.B., Shakhbazov K.S., Terskikh A.V., Lukyanov S. (2006). Genetically encoded fluorescent indicator for intracellular hydrogen peroxide. Nat. Methods 3 (4), 281–6 [+]

    Разработан уникальный флуоресцентный сенсор HyPer для прижизненного мониторинга колебаний концентрации одного из важнейших регуляторов биологических процессов — перекиси водорода. Имеющий белковую природу, HyPer может быть экспрессирован в клетках или направлен в определенный клеточный компартмент. Благодаря высокой специфичности и чувствительности, HyPer может быть использован для отслеживания колебаний концентрации перекиси водорода на уровне единственной клетки или клеточной органеллы.

    ID:80
42. Zorov D.B., Bannikova S.Y., Belousov V.V., Vyssokikh M.Y., Zorova L.D., Isaev N.K., Krasnikov B.F., Plotnikov E.Y. (2005). Reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: friends or foes? Biochemistry Mosc. 70 (2), 215–21 [+]

    Chemical and physiological functions of molecular oxygen and reactive oxygen species (ROS) and existing equilibrium between pools of pro-oxidants and anti-oxidants providing steady state ROS level vital for normal mitochondrial and cell functioning are reviewed. The presence of intracellular oxygen and ROS sensors is postulated and few candidates for this role are suggested. Possible involvement of ROS in the process of fragmentation of mitochondrial reticulum made of long mitochondrial filaments serving in the cell as "electric cables", as well as the role of ROS in apoptosis and programmed mitochondrial destruction (mitoptosis) are reviewed. The critical role of ROS in destructive processes under ischemia/reoxygenation and ischemic preconditioning is discussed. Mitochondrial permeability transition gets special consideration as a possible component of the apoptotic cascade, resulting in excessive "ROS-induced ROS release".

    ID:919
43. Chudakov D.M., Belousov V.V., Zaraisky A.G., Novoselov V.V., Staroverov D.B., Zorov D.B., Lukyanov S., Lukyanov K.A. (2003). Kindling fluorescent proteins for precise in vivo photolabeling. Nat. Biotechnol. 21 (2), 191–4 [+]

    Photobleaching of green fluorescent protein (GFP) is a widely used approach for tracking the movement of subcellular structures and intracellular proteins. Although photobleaching is a powerful technique, it does not allow direct tracking of an object's movement and velocity within a living cell. Direct tracking becomes possible only with the introduction of a photoactivated fluorescent marker. A number of previous studies have reported optically induced changes in the emission spectra of fluorescent proteins. However, the ideal photoactivated fluorescent marker should be a nonfluorescent tag capable of "switching on" (i.e., becoming fluorescent) in response to irradiation by light of a particular wavelength, intensity, and duration. In this report, we generated a mutant of Anemonia sulcata chromoprotein asCP. The mutant protein is capable of unique irreversible photoconversion from the nonfluorescent to a stable bright-red fluorescent form ("kindling"). This "kindling fluorescent protein" (KFP1) can be used for precise in vivo photolabeling to track the movements of cells, organelles, and proteins. We used KFP1 for in vivo cell labeling in mRNA microinjection assays to monitor Xenopus laevis embryo development and to track mitochondrial movement in mammalian cells.

    ID:73
44. Safronov N.A., Fedotov I.V., Ermakova Yu.G., Matlashov M.E., SidorovBiryukov D.A., Fedotov A.B., Belousov V.V., Zheltikov A.M. (1970). Microwave-induced thermogenetic activation of single cells. Appl. Phys. Lett. 106 (163), 163702–1–4 [+]

    Exposure to a microwave field is shown to enable thermogenetic activation of individual cells in a culture of cell expressing thermosensitive ion channels. Integration of a microwave transmission line with an optical fiber and a diamond quantum thermometer has been shown to allow thermogenetic single-cell activation to be combined with accurate local online temperature measurements based on an optical detection of electron spin resonance in nitrogen–vacancy centers in diamond.

    ID:1288